With blatant disregard for the public benefits of motivational idioms, researchers have concluded that practice does not, necessarily, make perfect.
近日，一些研究职员公开疏忽熟能生巧的普世事理，得出结论说：熟纷歧定能生巧。
A study of violinists found that merely good players practised as much as, if not more than, better players, leaving other factors such as quality of tuition, learning skills and perhaps natural talent to account for the difference.
一项对小提琴吹奏者的研究发现，若是不斟酌讲授质量、进修技能和天禀等身分的差别，程度过得往的吹奏者和精采的吹奏者操练的时候一样多，乃至可能更多。
The work is the latest blow to the 10,000-hour rule, the idea promoted in Malcolm Gladwell’s 2008 book,?Outliers, which has been taken to mean that enough practice will make an expert of anyone. In the book, Gladwell states that “ten thousand hours is the magic number of greatness”.
这一研究成果是对“一万小时定律”的最新挑战。马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在2008年著作《异类》中提出了这必然律，他的不雅点是只要操练得足够多，任何人都可以成为专家。在书中，格拉德威尔指出，“一万个小时是铸就伟年夜成绩的奇异数字”。
"The idea has become really entrenched in our culture, but it’s an oversimplification,” said Brooke Macnamara, a psychologist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. “When it comes to human skill, a complex combination of environmental factors, genetic factors and their interactions explains the performance differences across people.”
美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰凯斯西储年夜学的心理学家布鲁克·麦克纳马拉说：“熟能生巧的不雅点已深深植根于我们的文化，可是这类不雅点过于简单化了。在人类技能方面，要综合斟酌情况、基因及其彼此感化来诠释人与人之间的表示差别。”
The seed for the 10,000-hour rule was a 1993 study of violinists and pianists which found that accumulated practice time rose with musical prowess. On average, top-ranked violinists had clocked up 10,000 hours of practice by the age of 20, though many had actually put in fewer hours. In the study, the authors rejected an important role for natural talent and argued that differences in ability, even among top musicians, were largely down to how much they practised. Gladwell seized on the round number to explain the success of notables from Bill Gates to the Beatles.
“一万小时定律”的根据来自1993年对小提琴和钢琴吹奏者的一项研究，这项研究发现，积累的操练时候越长，音乐技术越崇高高贵。均匀来看，一流的小提琴家在20岁前的操练时候到达了1万个小时，但也有很多小提琴家的现实操练时候不足1万个小时。该研究的作者否认了天禀的主要感化，指出即便是在顶级音乐家傍边，能力差别在很年夜水平上取决于他们的操练量。格拉德威尔用这项研究提到的一万小时诠释了比尔·盖茨、甲壳虫乐队等名人的成功。
Macnamara and her colleague Megha Maitra set out to repeat part of the 1993 study to see whether they reached the same conclusions. They interviewed three groups of 13 violinists rated as best, good, or less accomplished about their practice habits, before having them complete daily diaries of their activities over a week.
麦克纳马拉和她的同事梅格哈·麦特拉反复了1993年研究的一部门，想看看是不是能得出一样的结论。研究职员查询拜访了13名小提琴吹奏者，依照最好、不错、较差程度三个评级将他们分成三组，让他们填写了本身一周勾当的日志，并经由过程采访领会到他们的操练习惯。
While the less skilful violinists clocked up an average of about 6,000 hours of practice by the age of 20, there was little to separate the good from the best musicians, with each logging an average of about 11,000 hours. In all, the number of hours spent practising accounted for about a quarter of the skills difference across the three groups, according to the study published in?Royal Society Open Science.
程度较差的小提琴吹奏者在20岁前的操练时候均匀约为6000个小时，可是不错的吹奏者和最好的吹奏者之间几近没有不同，二者的均匀操练时候都是11000个小时摆布。这项颁发在《英国皇家学会开放科学》杂志上的研究指出，这三组人之间的技术差别唯一四分之一是由操练时候致使的。
Macnamara believes practice is less of a driver. “Once you get to the highly skilled groups, practice stops accounting for the difference. Everyone has practised a lot and other factors are at play in determining who goes on to that super-elite level,” she said.
麦克纳马拉以为，操练的感化并没有那末年夜。她说：“一旦你到达了较高的程度，操练带来的不同就消逝了。每一个人都进行了年夜量操练，可否到达精英程度就起头取决于其他身分了。”
"The factors depend on the skill being learned: in chess it could be intelligence or working memory, in sport it may be how efficiently a person uses oxygen. To complicate matters further, one factor can drive another. A child who enjoys playing the violin, for example, may be happy to practise and be focused on the task because they do not see it as a chore.”
“这些身分根据进修的技术分歧而产生改变：若是学的是国际象棋，决议身分多是智力或工作记忆；若是学的是活动，决议身分多是一小我操纵氧气的效力。还有更复杂的环境是，有时辰一个身分还会感化于另外一个身分。举例而言，一个喜好拉小提琴的孩子可能比力愿意操练，注重力也比力集中，由于他们不把练琴当作苦差。”
The authors of the 1993 study are unimpressed, however. One co-author, Anders Ericsson, a psychologist at Florida State University, said the new paper actually replicated most of their findings. He said there were no objective differences between Macnamara's best and good violinists, so no surprise they put in the same amount of practice.
不外，1993年那项研究的作者却不为所动。该研究的配合作者、佛罗里达州立年夜学的心理学家安德斯·埃里克森说，新研究陈述复制了他们的年夜部门研究成果。他说，麦克纳马拉所说的不错的吹奏者和最好的吹奏者之间没有客不雅差别，所以他们投进的操练时候一样多也就不奇异了。
Another co-author on the 1993 study, Ralf Krampe, a psychologist at the Catholic University of Leuven, said nothing in Macnamara’s paper made him question the original findings. “Do I believe that practice is everything and that the number of hours alone determine the level reached? No, I don’t,” he said, adding that the quality of practice, teachers and parental support all matter too. “But I still consider deliberate practice to be by far the most important factor.”
1993年研究的另外一位合著者、鲁汶上帝教年夜学的心理学家拉尔夫·克兰佩说，麦克纳马拉的论文中没有任何能让他质疑原研究成果的内容。他说：“莫非我以为操练就是一切，操练时长是决议成绩的独一身分吗？不，我不这么以为。”他弥补道，操练质量、教员和怙恃的撑持也很主要。“但我仍然以为成心的操练是迄今为止最主要的身分。”
Macnamara said it was important for people to understand the limits of practice, though. “Practice makes you better than you were yesterday, most of the time,” she said. “But it might not make you better than your neighbour. Or the other kid in your violin class.”
麦克纳马拉说，虽然如斯，让人们理解操练的局限性仍是很主要。“年夜大都时辰，操练都能让你超出曩昔的本身，”她说，“但操练可能没法让你超出你的邻人，或小提琴课上的其他孩子。”